Basic Linux Commands for beginners with example

Basic Linux Commands for beginners with example
1.Usage of Basic Linux Commands, File Utilities Commands.

Command	Description
pwd	Present working directory
ls	Lists all files and directories in the present working directory
ls – R	Lists files in sub-directories
ls – a	Lists hidden files
ls – al	Lists files and directories with detailed information like permissions, size, owner, etc.
clear	Clears the terminal
whoami	Display User ID
uname	Display Operation System
tail <file name>	The tail command is similar to the head command. The difference between both commands is that it displays the last ten lines of the file content
find . -name “*.pdf”	The find command is used to find a particular file within a directory.
cat > filename	Creates a new file
cat filename	Displays the file content
cat file1 file2 > file3	Joins two files (file1, file2) and stores the output in a new file (file3)
tac <file name>	The tac command is the reverse of cat command, as its name specified. It displays the file content in reverse order (from the last line).
touch <file1>  <file2>	Change the file access and modification time if file does not exist will create with default permission.
locate <file name>	The locate command is used to search a file by file name.
sort <file name>	The sort command is used to sort files in alphabetical order.
command | grep <searchWord>  cat marks.txt | grep 9	The grep is the most powerful and used filter in a Linux system. The ‘grep’ stands for “global regular expression print.” It is useful for searching the content from a file. Generally, it is used with the pipe.
less <file name>	The less command is similar to the more command
mv <file name> <directory path>	Moves the files to the new location
mv filename new_file_name	Renames the file to a new filename
rm rfilename	Deletes a file
man	Gives help information on a command
history	Gives a list of all past basic Linux commands list typed in the current terminal session
cp <existing file name> <new file name>	Copy file
mkdir directoryname	Creates a new directory in the present working directory or a at the specified path
cd	Change directory
cd ..	Back one step current directory
rmdir	Deletes a directory
mv	Rename a directory
command | tr <‘old’> <‘new’> cat marks.txt | tr ‘prcu’ ‘PRCU’	The tr command is used to translate the file content like from lower case to upper case.
date	The date command is used to display date, time, time zone, and more.
time	The time command is used to display the time to execute a command.
cal	The cal command is used to display the current month’s calendar with the current date highlighted.
pr -x	Divides the file into x columns
pr -h	Assigns a header to the file
pr -n	Denotes the file with Line Numbers
head <file name> head demo.txt	The head command is used to display the content of a file. It displays the first 10 lines of a file.
tail <file name> tail demo.txt	The tail command is similar to the head command. The difference between both commands is that it displays the last ten lines of the file content.
wc <file name>	The wc command is used to count the lines, words, and characters in a file.
sudo	Allows regular users to run programs with the security privileges of the super user or root
sudo useradd username	Create New User
sudo -s	switch root user
sudo passwd username	Change user password
sudo apt-get update	Command used to install and update packages

Listing files (ls)
Linux system, use the ‘ls ‘ command. It shows the files /directories in your current directory.

Note:
• Directories are show in blue color.
• Files are show in white.
• You will find similar color schemes in different flavors of Linux/Unix.
Your “Music” folder has following sub-directories and files.

‘ls -R ‘ to shows all the files not only in directories but also subdirectories

Note: These Linux basics commands are case-sensitive. If you enter, “ls – r ” you will get an error.
‘ls -al ‘ The command provides information in a columns format. The columns contain the following information:
Example –

Listing Hidden Files
ls -a

Creating & Viewing Files
The ‘cat’ command is used to display text files. It can also combining and creating new text files. Let’s see how it works.
To create a new file, use the command
1. cat > filename
2. Press ‘ctrl + d ‘ Save File.

To view a file, use the command –
cat filename
Let’s see the file we just created –

Let’s see another file sample2

The syntax to combine 2 files is –
cat file1 file2 > newfilename
Let’s combine sample 1 and sample 2.

To view the new combo file “sample ” use the command
cat sample

Deleting Files
rm filename

Moving and Re-naming files
To move a file, use the command.
mv filename new_file_location
Suppose we want to move the file “sample2” to location /home/cse/Documents. Executing the command
mv sample2 /home/cse/Documents
bz@pc:~$ sudo mv sample2 /home/cse/Documents
[sudo] password for bz: ****
bz@pc:~$
For renaming file:
mv filename newfilename

Directories can be created on a Linux operating system using the following command
mkdir directoryname
Example:-
mkdir mydirectory

Will create a directory ‘Music’ under ‘/tmp’ directory
mkdir /tmp/MUSIC

You can also create more than one directory at a time.

Removing Directories
rmdir mydirectory
will delete the directory mydirectory

Renaming Directory
mv directoryname newdirectoryname

The History Command

The clear command
This command clears all screen.

Assigning a header

pr -h “Header” Filename

The ‘-h’ options assigns “header” value as the report header.

As shown above, we have arranged the file in 3 columns and assigned a header
Display all lines with numbers
Example:
pr -n Filename
This command display all the lines in the file with numbers.

Vi Editor Commands and Networking Commands in Linux

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