VI Editor Commands and Networking Commands in Linux

VI Editor Commands and Networking Commands in Linux
2. Vi Editor & its Modes, Introduction of Basic administrative commands.

  • i – Insert text entry mode (insert mode)
  • ESC – Terminate insert mode
  • a – Append text after current character (append mode)
  • A – Write text at the end of line
  • u – Undo last changes
  • U – Restore current changes
  • o – New line below current line
  • O – New line above current line
  • dd – Delete a line
  • 3dd – Delete 3 lines.
  • dw – Delete word
  • cw – Change word
  • 4dw – Delete 4 words
  • x – Delete a character at the cursor
  • r – Replace a character

Moving Cursor in a file

  • k – Move cursor up
  • j – Move cursor down
  • h – Move cursor left
  • l – Move cursor right

Saving and Closing the file

  • Shift+zz – Save the file and quit
  • :w – Save the file but keep it open
  • :q  – Quit without saving
  • :wq – Save the file and quit
  • :q! – Quit without saving
  • :set showmode -Insert mode is one bye default is off

Linux File Permissions
Read (r)
Write (w)
Execute (x)
In Linux, each file is associated with an owner and a group and assigned with permission access rights for three different classes of users
u – owner.
g – group.
o – All other users.
a – All users, identical to ugo.

– Removes the specified permissions.
+ Adds specified permissions.
= Changes the current permissions to the specified permissions.
First you have crate a file using following commands.
$ touch file1 file2 file3
$ chmod o+x file1
$ chmod u-w, g+x file1
$ chmod u=rwx, g=rx, o=r file1
$ chmod a=rwx file1

Each read, write, and execute permissions have the following number value:
r             (read) = 4
w           (write) = 2
x        (execute) = 1
no permissions = 0

To find out the file’s permissions in numeric mode simply calculate the totals for all users classes
Owner: rwx=4+2+1=7
Group:   r-x=4+0+1=5
Others:  r   =4+0+0=4

Give the file’s owner read and write permissions and only read permissions to group members and all other users:
$ chmod 644 file2
Give the file’s owner read, write and execute permissions, read and execute permissions to group members and no permissions to all other users:
$ chmod 750 file3
To change the permissions of all files and subdirectories under the  team/cricket directory to 744 you would use: first you have create a directory using below command.
$ mkdir team
$ mkdir team/cricket
$ chmod -R 744  team/cricket

3. Usage of basic Network related commands in Linux.
Ping(Packet Internet Groper)
ping command is used to ensure that a computer can communicate to a specified device over the network.
$ ping 192.168.8.1
$ ping google.com

nslookup
nslookup command queries the DNS in order to fetch the IP address or the domain name from DNS records.
$ nslookup facebook.com

traceroute
This command is used to get the route of a packet.
$ traceroute www.google.com

host
host command is used to find domain name associated with the IP.
$ host google.com
$ host 31.13.78.35

netstat
netstat(Network Statistics) is the command that is used to display routing table, connection information.
$ netstat
$ netstat -r

Arp
ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) command is used to display of IP address to MAC address.
$ arp

ifconfig
Show ip address
$ ifconfig

To enable an interface
Syntax:
ifup eth0
To disable an interface
Syntax:
ifdown eth0

iwconfig
Linux iwconfig is used to configure the wireless network interface. It is used to set and view the basic WI-FI details like SSID and
Syntax:
iwconfig

4. How to Check if a File or Directory Exists.
To test for the file /tmp/test.log, enter the following from the command line:
bz@pc:~$ test –f /tmp/test.txt
The first line executes the test to see if the file exists. The second command, echo, displays the results 0 meaning that the file exists, 1 means no file was found.
echo $?
In our example, the result was 1.
bz@pc:~$ echo $?
1

Now try creating a file, then testing for it:
bz@pc:~$ touch /tmp/test.txt
As we have created the file beforehand, the result now is 0:
bz@pc:~$ test –f /tmp/test.txt
bz@pc:~$ echo $?
0

You can also use square brackets instead of the test command:
bz@pc:~$ [ –f /tmp/test.txt ]
bz@pc:~$ echo $?
How to Check if a Directory Exists
To check if a directory exists, switch out the –f option on the test command for –d (for directory):
bz@pc:~$ test –d /tmp/test
bz@pc:~$ echo $?
1
Create that directory, and rerun the test command:
bz@pc:~$ mkdir /tmp/test
bz@pc:~$ test –d /tmp/test
bz@pc:~$ echo $?
0



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